ВИФ2 NE: Ветка : 2 Олег Радько Exocet

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Дата	27.11.2002 11:04:49
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2 Олег Радько Exocet

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SURFACE-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, FRANCE
Date Posted: 29 November 2001
Jane's Naval Weapon Systems 36
EXOCET MM 38/SM 39/MM 40 (GWS 50)
Type
Medium range anti-ship missile. Surface ship and submarine launched.
Development
The Exocet missile is not only the most famous anti-ship weapon in the world but it also has one of the longest pedigrees.
This pedigree has two lines, the first of which began in 1958 when Nord Aviation (later Aerospatiale Engins Tactiques and
later Aerospatiale Matra Missiles), began development of the AS30 air-to-surface missile which was completed in 1964. The
second was Nord's simultaneous development, between 1959 and 1962, of the MM 20 (Mer-Mer 20 km) ship-launched
anti-ship missile. This weapon, based upon the Nord CT 20 target drone, was developed for the Swedish Navy and was
operated by them as Rb08 until circa 1980.
In 1963, Nord proposed a ship-launched anti-ship derivative of AS30 to the French Navy but at that time the service had no
requirement for such a system. Nevertheless, Nord decided to continue with the project as a private venture. In 1965 it began
project definition and by 1967 had decided the missile would include an inertial guidance platform. The sinking of the Israeli
destroyer Eilat in 1967 aroused interest in the project both from the French Navy and from other navies, especially Greece.
Initial development began in August 1968 and, in October, the French Navy took the decision to adopt the missile for its
ships. On 24 December 1968, Greece ordered the missile, now called Exocet (`Flying Fish'). The following day, the French
Defence Ministry signed a contract for full-scale development and production of the new missile. By the time the first
incomplete missile was fired on 8 July 1970 five more countries had ordered Exocet. Meanwhile, as development proceeded,
Nord expanded the concept and in June 1969 and January 1970 proposed submarine-launched and air-launched versions (SM
38 and AM 38).The first firing of a full Exocet was made on 10 June 1971 and development was completed in July 1972.
Operational trials began in October 1972 and were completed by the Summer of 1974.
In 2000, the proposed closure of the propellant plant supporting the MM 38 sustainer led to the canvassing by Aerospatiale
Matra Missiles of all MM 38 customers warning them that unless they placed orders by the end of the year, it would no longer
be possible to recondition these motors. The company stated that if sufficient orders were received then the plant would remain
open to meet the demand. Nine countries (two African, three South East Asian, one European and three South American)
agreed to order new engines and while none have been publicly identified they are believed to be Argentina, Ecuador, Greece,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Morocco, Peru, Nigeria and Thailand. In addition, France has decided to upgrade the motors of 50 SM39.
The initial production version, MM 38 (with a design range of 20.54 n miles, 38 km) was to have been followed by a
derivative of the air-launched AM 39 (the first test firing of which was in June 1973) as MM 39 for smaller warships. This
concept was later abandoned in favour of a lengthened version of the MM 39 as the MM 40 (with a design range of 21.60 nmiles, 40 km) which entered production in 1980. However, a submarine-launched version of MM 39 was developed from 1979
as SM 39 and the first submerged launching took place in December 1982. Development was completed in September 1984
and the missile entered service with the French Navy in April 1985 with the commissioning of L'Inflexible. The original
production version of the MM40 is now dubbed Block 1 while an improved version, which appears to have entered production
for the French Navy in the late 1980s, is dubbed Block 2. Coastal defence versions of MM 38 have also been produced. In
1993 Aerospatiale Missiles (as Nord was renamed in the 1980s) claimed a 93 per cent success rate in 320 exercise launches
with Exocet. In May 1999 Aerospatiale Missile was renamed Aerospatiale Matra Missiles. At that time Exocet had 20 per cent
of the Western manufacturers' share of the world anti-ship missile market.
Exocet was used operationally by Argentina in the South Atlantic conflict of 1982 and by Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War. In the
former conflict AM 39s set ablaze the destroyer HMS Sheffield on 4 May 1982 and the container ship Atlantic Conveyor
(15,000 tonnes grt) on 25 May 1982. Each ship was hit by one of two missiles and both sank under tow. In addition, on 12
June, the destroyer HMS Glamorgan was hit and badly damaged by an MM 38 launched from an ad hoc coastal defence
battery. Ironically the United Kingdom manufactured 17 per cent of each MM 38 following an order for some 300 missiles and
37 firing installations in 1971. The system was designated GWS 50 by the Royal Navy.
In the Gulf War the first ship which appears to have been hit by an Exocet was the Liberian bulk carrier Al Tajdar (17,747
tonnes grt) on 19 October 1981. However, the infamous `Tanker War' did not begin until an Exocet hit the Saudi
Arabian-registered tanker Safina al Arab south of Kharg Island on 25 April 1984. The ship was a constructive total loss.
Other attacks followed and the stretch of water 100 n miles (185 km) south east of Kharg Island was nicknamed `Exocet
Alley'. According to Lloyds List International most of the damage caused to ships came not from the detonation of the warhead
but from ensuing fires. However, a considerable number of missiles failed to reach their targets because the Iranians deployed
decoy vessels and floating radar reflectors, some of the latter being hit more than 20 times.
In the `Tanker War' and earlier attacks, published sources indicate 135 ships (9,072,777 tonnes grt) were hit by Exocets,
including 83 tankers, and these accounted for 61 per cent of the total number of ships damaged by the Iraqi Air Force. Of the
Exocet casualties 14 (430,173 tonnes grt) were sunk and 60 (4,404,261 tonnes grt) were rendered constructive total losses
although only one super tanker, the North Korean Son Bong (224,841 tonnes grt) was sunk during an attack at Kharg Island on
19 September 1985. It should be noted that many tankers and bulk carriers were declared constructive total losses because the
decline in ship values and a surplus of hulls meant that it was cheaper to acquire a new ship than to repair a damaged one.
Towards the end of the Iran-Iraq War this situation saw a complete change. The only warship casualty was the `Oliver Hazard
Perry' class frigate USS Stark (FFG 31) which was struck by two missiles on 17 May 1987 of which the warhead of only one
detonated. Several ships of Iraq's allies were struck during the conflict and another five ships (91,657 tonnes grt) were damaged
in collisions and through stranding while attempting to avoid Exocets.
During the 1991 Gulf War (Operation `Desert Storm') it was claimed that an MM 40 from a Kuwaiti FAC (either the Al
Sanbouk or the Istiqbal) struck an unidentified target. It has been claimed as an Iraqi minelayer but this ship was also claimed
by a Harpoon.
The French Navy anticipated withdrawing Exocet MM 40 Block 2 from service about 2005 and replacing it with the
supersonic Anti-Navire Futur (ANF) but the latter programme was suspended in the New Year of 2000. Aerospatiale Matra is
optimistic that the programme will be restored later in the decade and continues work on ramjet engines under the Vesta
(Vecteur à Statoréacteur) programme which is scheduled for completion in 2003 with three test flights. Initially, this
programme was considered the basis of a resurrected ANF which would have incorporated the seeker and warhead of Exocet
Block 2, together with a new altimeter and booster. However, by late 2000, there appeared to be a reverse of this concept and it
was decided to incorporate technology developed for ANF and the Vesta technology demonstrator into Exocet Block 2 to
extend its service life to 2015 and beyond. The first phase, the privately funded Block 2 Mod 1, completed development rapidly
and, by late 2000, was in production for delivery in mid-2001. A privately funded Mod 2 and a Defence Ministry funded Mod
3 are being studied.
Description
The Exocet features a cylindrical body with sharply pointed nose. The swept, cropped long chord wings and small tail control
surfaces are laid out in a cruciform configuration. The following description is of MM 38.
The front of the missile contains the guidance compartment with the Dassault Electronique (formerly Electronique Serge
Dassault) ADAC (Auto Directeur Anti-Clutter) I-band (8 to 10 GHz) single axis active monopulse radar seeker. This seeker
features horizontal stabilisation of the transmitter mode and has a maximum range of 13 n miles (24 km) against FACs. Also
present in this compartment is the Thomson-CSF RE576 inertial unit with vertical and axial gyroscopes, the Aerospatiale
guidance command processor (Elaborateur d'Ordre de Guidage - EOG) and the two-antenna Thomson-TRT (formerly TRT)
AHV-7 radio altimeter.
Behind the guidance compartment is a Luchaire GP1A 165 kg fragmentation warhead with a SERAT delayed impact fuzeand an autopilot-controlled proximity fuze. The warhead consists of cast hexolite and is designed to penetrate the hull before
detonating. In the remaining half of the missile is the propulsion system which, in the MM 38, consists of a 151 kg SNPE
Epevier alloy-cased cast double base propellant sustainer with a maximum burn time of 93 seconds. Behind it is the 100 kg
SNPE Vautour composite boost motor which has a burn time of 2.4 seconds. Also in the rear of the missile are the thermal
battery and the actuation system. There are two horizontally mounted exhaust nozzles.
The operational versions of Exocet are:
MM 38: Surface-launched missile from ships and coast-defence installations. For the latter see Jane's Armour and Artillery.
MM 40: Surface-launched missile with folding wings, a steel-cased SNPE Altair cast grain double-base sustainer, and SNPE
Gerfaut composite propellant booster and a Thomson-TRT RAM 01 altimeter. Compared with the MM 38 the booster is larger
while the Block 1 seeker has a wider search and acquisition angle. The Block 2 missile features a new J-band (10 to 20 GHz)
Super ADAC seeker which has improved ECCM performance, associated electronics and a new guidance computer. The
manufacturer claims the missile has lower radar and IR signatures, the seeker is activated much closer to the target and has
improved ECCM performance while it can distinguish specific targets in dense electronic environments and can even select
such targets according to their size. Company literature indicates the presence of a smaller, 155 kg warhead with both impact
and proximity fuzes. The new electronics permit the missile to optimise its sea-skimming height allowing it to operate in
conditions to Sea State 7 even in severe ECM conditions. The fire-control system has also been adapted with the development
of the Cat-Visac console which can operate with two types of the Exocet missile simultaneously. The new fire-control system
allows improved target selectivity, attacks upon multiple targets by diverging and converging salvos.
New versions of the Block 2 missile have evolved incorporating technology developed for the `suspended' ANF supersonic
anti-ship missile. The Block 2 Mod 1 features an improved seeker and a laser-gyro inertial navigation system from ANF/Vesta
but retains the Block 2 digital guidance computer. These enhance guidance accuracy and improve target discrimination.
Proposals for Block 2 Mod 2 include a new digital guidance computer and a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, both
developed for Vesta, permitting guidance with the aid of GPS-specified waypoints allowing the weapon to be used for
attacking ships in harbour or even soft land targets such as airfields. The Block 2 Mod 3 would incorporate the coherent active
radar seeker planned for ANF with improved range accuracy. Not only would it have improved ECCM capability, but also it
would provide target recognition and aim-point selection. All of these improvements are, or would be, applied both to
new-build missiles and to the older MM 40.
AM 39: See Jane's Air-Launched Weapons.
SM 39: Submarine-launched missile with folding wings. This missile uses the SNPE Narval composite case-bonded sustainer
and the SNPE Condor composite propellant booster.
The ship-launched Exocets are carried in a launcher-container within which they are suspended from a launch rail in the
ceiling. The standard installations for the surface-launched versions are ITS (with metal containers) for the MM 38 and ITL
(with glassfibre containers) for the MM 40. These installations are produced by ECAN Ruelle for the DCN, although
Aerospatiale produce the glassfibre containers for ITL.
Each installation normally consists of two or four launcher-containers inclined at an angle of 12º. The four-round ITS
(Installation de Tir Standard) weighs 13.5 tonnes with missiles while the four-round ITL (Installation de Tir Légère) weighs
9.5 tonnes with missiles. Triple and single round installations are also available.
In addition to the launcher installations there is a control console. Optional features of the system include a co-ordinate
converter to interface the missile with the ship's sensors, and de-icing equipment.
The SM 39 is housed in a VSM (Véhicule Sous-Marine), a watertight, torpedo-shaped capsule which is 5.80 m long, weighs
1,350 kg, is pressurised to 300 millibar and is discharged from a submarine torpedo tube.
The VSM consists of a nosecone, a cylindrical body containing the missile (which is held in place by two four-segment
sabots), and the propulsion section at the rear. The latter is based upon a solid propellant rocket motor and includes a battery,
actuators and eight fins which combine with efflux control to control the capsule.
Targets for the surface-launched missiles are acquired by the ship's sensors, the system being associated with more than 24
different search radars. The operator then aligns the axial gyros in the target's direction while the estimated range is fed into the
EOG and begins the initiation sequence which can take up to 1 minute.
The thermal battery is turned on, the mechanical safety locks are released, the booster is ignited and the umbilical cord is
broken, the total process taking 60 seconds. Exocet has a 105º off-axis engagement envelope and can perform one 15º change
in the course of its flight. Once the missile has cleared the launcher-container, the sustainer carries it into the cruise phase
which, in MM 38, can be up to 12 n miles (22 km). Data from the radio altimeter is correlated by the EOG with data from the
inertial unit to provide a stable flight profile. It travels towards the general location of the target at a height of about 100 m
which is low enough to reduce the chance of detection but adequate for target acquisition. At a range of 6.5 to 8 n miles (12 to
15 km) the ADAC seeker is activated. Once the target is detected the missile descends to 9 to 15 m in the approach phase
before descending to 8 m (2 to 5 m in a calm sea) for a sea-skimming terminal phase. A salvo may be fired in 12 to 20 seconds.
For submarine launch the VSM is ejected from the torpedo tube by a ram although the submarine was reported, in 1985, to
be restricted to a speed of 10 knots. A `cold' missile will take 2 minutes to launch but a `warmed' one will take only 1 minute,although in an emergency, launching can be achieved in 20 seconds. As the VSM is not buoyant it will slowly sink some 10 to
12 m from the submarine and during this period (lasting 1 to 2 seconds) the VSM conducts self-monitoring.
The rocket motor then ignites and burns for 10 to 12 seconds taking the VSM to a speed of about 20 m/s. If the VSM has
been launched at periscope depth it will continue to dive and then turn to the surface but when launched from greater depths it
will go directly to the surface where it will strike at an angle of 45º 150 to 200 m in front of the launch position. To protect the
submarine the VSM can manoeuvre underwater at up to 90º on either side of the launch direction with a turning radius of 100
m. Underwater manoeuvres are possible through electromagnetic deflectors in the rocket motor nozzle.
The underwater system can operate effectively in conditions to Sea State 6. As the VSM emerges a sensor informs it that it
has broken the surface and the capsule assumes an angle of about 12º as a small gas generator ejects the nosecone. When the
VSM is some 20 m above the surface another sensor retracts the sabot safety pins and activates the main gas generator which
ejects the missile; its wings unfold and the sabots are ejected. Within 2 to 3 seconds the missile's booster ignites and it acts
exactly like a ship-launched missile.
Operational status
Aerospatiale has produced or had orders for some 3,300 Exocets. Production of MM 38 was completed with the 1,260th unit
but production of MM 40 continues with Block 2 versions while Block 1 versions are being refitted with new rocket motors.
The SM 39 also remains in production but no figures are officially available although unofficial sources suggest some 150 will
be produced. They have been produced or ordered for the navies listed in Table 1 and the company anticipates Block 2
remaining in service until circa 2020. The Block 2 Mod 1 has completed development and is in production with deliveries in
2001.
Table 1
Country Class/Ship Type Missile Version Launchers/
Missiles
Data
System Search Radars
Argentina Type 42 DD MM 38 4/4 ADAWS Type 992
MEKO 360 DD MM 40 2/8 SEWACO ZW 06
MEKO 140 FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
Type A 69 FF MM 38 2/4 - DRBV 51
Bahrain Lürssen MGB 62 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Sea Giraffe
Lürssen TNC 45 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
Belgium `Wielingen' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
Brazil `Niteroi' FF MM 40 2/4 CAAIS ZW 06
'Broadsword' (Type
22) Batch 1 FF MM 40/2 4/4 CAAIS Type 967/968
`Inhaúma' FC MM 40 2/4 CAAIS ASW 4
'Barroso' FC MM 40 2/4 Siconta II RAN-3
Brunei 'Brunei' FC MM 40/2 2/8 Nautis AWS-9
`Waspada' FAC MM 38 2/2 Kelvin
Hughes
Racal Decca TM
1629
Cameroon `P 48S' FAC MM 40 2/8 CANE Racal Decca 1226
Chile 1 `County' DD MM 38 4/4 SP 100 Type 992
`Leander' FF MM 40 2/4 SP 100 Type 992
'Tiger' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Colombia FS 1500 FF MM 40 2/8 Tavitac Sea Tiger
Ecuador `Leander' FF MM 38 4/4 CAAIS Type 994
`Esmeraldas' FC MM 40 2/6 IPN RAN 10S
`Lürssen 45' FAC MM 38 4/4 Vega Triton
France² `L'Inflexible' SSBN SM 39 n/k n/k - 'Le Triomphant' SSBN SM 39 n/k n/k -
`Rubis' SSN SM 39 n/k SADE -
`Agosta' SSK SM 39 n/k DLA -
Jeanne d'Arc LHA MM 38 2/6 SENIT DRBV 50
`Georges Leygues' DD
D 640-1 MM 38 2/4 SENIT DRBV 51
D 642-3 MM 40 2/4 SENIT DRBV 51
D 644-6 MM 40 2/4 SENIT DRBV 15
`Cassard' DD MM 40 2/8 SENIT DRBV 26
`Suffren' DD MM 38 4/4 SENIT DRBV 15
`Tourville' DD MM 38 6/6 SENIT DRBV 51
`La Fayette' FF MM 40/2 2/8 TAVITAC DRBV 15
`Floréal' FF MM 38 2/2 - DRBV 21
Type A69 FF MM 38/40 2/4 Vega DRBV 51
Germany `Brandenburg' FF MM 38 2/4 SATIR SMART
`Albatros' FAC MM 38 2/4 AGIS WM 27
`Gepard' FAC MM 38 2/4 AGIS WM 27
`Tiger' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Greece³ `Combattante II/IIA' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
`Combattante III' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Super Vita' FAC MM 40/2 2/4 Tacticos n/k
Indonesia Ki Hajar Dewantara FF MM 38 4/4 SEWACO Racal Decca 1229
`Fatahillah' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 05
`Dagger' FAC MM 38 2/4 NA-18 Racal Decca 1226
Korea,
South 4 `Po Hang' FC MM 38 2/2 SEWACO Marconi 1810
Kuwait TNC 45 Type FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Racal Decca TM
1226
FPB 57 Type FAC MM 40 4/4 9LV200 Marconi 810
Malaysia `Lekiu' FF MM 40/2 2/8 Nautis Sea Giraffe 150
Type FS 1500 FC MM 38 2/4 SEWACO DA 08
`Spica-M' FAC MM 38 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
'Combattante II' FAC MM 38 2/2 Vega Racal Decca 616
Morocco `Modified
Descubierta' FF MM 38 2/4 SEWACO ZW 06
'Floreal' FF MM 38 2/4 n/k DRBV 21
`Lazaga' FAC MM 38 2/4 - ZW 06
Nigeria `Combattante IIIB' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega Triton
Oman 5 'Qahir' FC MM 40/2 2/8 Tacticos MW 08
`Province' FAC MM 40 2/8 9LV200 AWS 6
Pakistan `Agusta 90B' - SM 39 n/k SUBICS -Peru
`PR-72P' FAC MM 38 2/4 Vega TritonQatar `Combattante III M' FAC MM 40 2/8 Vega Triton
'Barzan' FAC MM 40/2 2/8 Tacticos MRR
Saudi Arabia `La Fayette 3000' FF MM 40/2 2/8 Tavitac Sea Tiger
South Africa MEKO A200 FC MM 40/2 2/8 n/k n/k
Thailand `Ratcharit' FAC MM 38 2/4 WM 25 Racal Decca
Tunisia `Combattante III M' FAC MM 40 2/8 Tavitac Triton
Turkey Type A69 FF MM 38 2/4 Vega DRBV 51
UAE 6 Lürssen MGB 62 FC MM 40/2 2/4 9LV200 9GR600
Lürssen TNC 45 FAC MM 40 2/4 9LV200 Decca 1226
Modified Lürssen
TNC 38 FAC MM 40 4/4 9LV200 9GR600
UK `Broadsword' (Type
22) Batch 2 FF MM 38 4/4 CAAIS Type 967/968
Uruguay `Commandant
Rivière' FF MM 38 2/4 CTA DRBV22
Notes:
1 In the Chilean `Leander' class Ministro Zento has MM 38.
2 In the French `D'Estienne d'Orves' (Type A69) frigates most vessels have now received ITL and MM 40 but some
retain ITS and have two MM 38. The missile fit (some have none) depends upon deployment. Many French Navy
MM 40s are being upgraded to Block 2 standards.
3 In the Greek Navy `La Combattante III' class FACs, only P20-23 have Exocet. Greek coast defence forces have
Exocet MM 40 Block 2.
4 In the South Korean `Po Hang' class corvettes only Po Hang, Kun San, Kyong Ju and Mok Po have MM 38.
5 In the Omani `Province' class FACs, Dhofar has a Sea Archer fire-control system and AWS 4 radar.
6 The UAE has selected Exocet MM 40 Batch 2 for its next generation of OPVs.
The 'Broadsword' Batch 2 frigates are scheduled for disposal by the Royal Navy.
Specifications
MM 38 SM 39 MM 40 Block 1 MM 40 Block 2
Length 5.21 m 4.69 m 5.79 m 5.80 m
Diameter 0.35 m 0.35 m 0.35 m 0.35 m
Wing span 1.00 m 1.13 m 1.13 m 1.13 m
Weight 735 kg 670 kg 875 kg 870 kg
Speed Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9 Mach 0.9
Range 2-22.5 nm 2-27 nm 2-38 nm 2-40.5 nm
(4-42 km) (4-50 km) (4-70 km) (4-75 km)
Guidance: Inertial and active radar
Contractor
Aerospatiale Matra Missiles.
UPDATED

An Exocet MM 40 fired from a French `D'Estienne
d'Orves' class (Type A69) frigate

An Exocet MM 38 being launched. Unlike the MM 40 this does not have folding wings

A cutaway drawing of the Exocet SM 39 submarine-launched missile inside its VSM capsule
© 2001 Jane's Information Group E R Hooton

От	apple16
К	apple16 (27.11.2002 11:04:49)
Дата	27.11.2002 11:26:14

с RB08 хуже ибо антиквариат 60х годов

есть RB04 и RBS15
там есть упоминание на развитие

Это RBS15

4 Images
ANTI-SHIP MISSILES, SWEDEN'S ANTI-SHIP MISSILE PROGRAMME p 8

JANE'S MISSILES & ROCKETS

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DATE: DECEMBER 01, 1997

EDITION: 1997

VOLUME/ISSUE: 001/009

INTRODUCTION:
Sweden's expertise in anti-ship weapons has a fascinating
background. Now that SAAB is funding the development of the

RBS15
anti-ship missile, Jane's Missiles and Rockets takes a detailed look
at the weapon and the story so far....

TEXT:
Sweden's skills with missile systems can be traced back to the
Second World War - when wreckage of German V1 and V2 rockets which
fell by accident on the neutral country were recovered and studied.

The navigation accuracy of the German rockets was poor, yet they
still caused major damage. The test firings were performed from a
range at Peenemunde on the German Baltic coast.

SAAB was asked to participate in the investigation of the recovered
V1/V2 hardware and since then has been heavily involved in the
development and production of missile systems. The early
developments led to the first successful launching of a so-called
aerial torpedo 50 years ago . This was followed by several missile
programmes of which the Surface-to-Surface Missile System (SSM)
RB315/316 became operational by the mid -1950s.

Parallel to this, the Swedish Air Force developed its own
air-to-ship missile system, designated the RB04, which also came
operational use by the mid 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s it
underwent several upgrading programmes. At this time, the RB05 was
developed with SAAB as the main contractor, to meet land attack
requirements but also to be operational against smaller naval
targets. The Swedish Navy, as a result from several feasibility
studies and lacking funding for a significant new development,
decided to rebuild a French target drone into a SSM, the RB08,
during the 1960s.

Finally, with the order to SAAB as prime contractor for RBS15 in
1979, the Swedish Air Force, Navy and Coastal Defence requirements
were met by a common missile system. The RBS15 is in operational use
in Swedish as well as foreign defence forces.

During the development of the RBS15, emphasis was put on a missile
being capable to operate with a long flight range to encounter
hostile forces in open sea as well as in littoral warfare scenarios.
The ship-launched version was designed to fit on the fast Spica
class strike craft, while the air-launched version was to be carried
by both the Viggen and on the smaller, more versatile, Gripen
fighter. The RBS15 has later been integrated on several different
platforms, including trucks.

As one prerequisite, in order to achieve a low risk/low cost
development programme, it was decided to use the RB04 as a baseline.
In general, the RB04 was to be equipped with a turbojet engine and
rocket boosters and fired from a canister in the surface launched
applications. New state-of-the-art technology electronics were
developed where necessary, but in some cases the RB04 concept
received only minor modifications. The result was a cost effective,
world class performance anti-ship missile system.

In 1994 Saab received a contract for upgrading existing RBS15
missiles in Sweden - designated the RBS15 MKII - to enhance the
performance and increase the life time of the missile inventory. The
development and production activities are in process. In parallel
with this programme Saab has decided to fund the development of the
RBS15 Mk3, a next generation anti-ship missile system for the export
market, cost effectively meeting today's and future operational
requirements and with a significant further growth potential.

When designing the RBS15 Mk3, the system specification has been
established to meet:

- the JPO/UK MoD requirements for the Surface-to-Surface Guided
Weapon System (SSGW) for the Common New Generation Frigates
(CNGF-Horizon).

- the Royal Swedish Navy and Defence Materiel Administration (FMV)
requirements for the RBS15 MkII

- requirements resulting from Saab Dynamics' own operational
analysis of future threat scenarios by using, for example, tactical
simulation results from TACSIM (see below)

Essentially, this has led to the following main operational features
of the RBS15 Mk3:

- A modern Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS) with a graphic
interface designed for easy operation, providing extensive decision
support to the operator

- Long flight range (in excess of 200 km), with each missile
individually prepared within a salvo

- Sophisticated target discrimination and selection

- Excellent defence penetration capabilities through careful
design of the seeker characteristics and the missile's terminal
behaviour

- A warhead meeting insensitive munitions requirements having a
lethal effect on targets ranging from small attack craft to frigates
and heavy cruisers

Today's state-of-the-art design of the RBS15 Mk3 anti-ship missile
system results in high availability, reliability and maintainability
and long maintenance intervals. Being based on a well proven concept
and with strong emphasis on modern production methods, it provides a
low life cycle cost for a specified lifetime of 30 years.

The RBS15 Mk3 is designed to operate in any naval scenario, from
littoral warfare situations to blue sea conditions. The system has
day and night all weather capability. The long flight range and
flexible trajectory enables attacks on hostile ships from short
distances up to ranges well beyond the horizon, depending on third
party targeting. Attacks can also be mounted from different
directions with pre-selected time of arrival for each missile.
Through careful engagement planning the missiles can make use of
terrain masking for a concealed approach resulting in late
detection.

A missile engagement can utilise diverging missile salvos, attacking
several targets in one single firing, or converging salvos through
co-ordinated attacks. The unlimited over land flight capability
enables coastal defence batteries to be deployed in concealed
positions far from the coastline and airborne attacks to be launched
with minimum aircraft exposure.

The RBS15 Mk3 anti-ship missile system comprises the following
sub-systems:

- The fully autonomous Missile Engagement Planning System (MEPS)

- In the ship-launched and truck-launched versions, the MEPS is
integrated with the combat management system, whereas the MEPS in
the air-launched version is integrated with the airforce mission
planning system. In both cases, the MEPS receives target information
and provides automatically generated engagement plans, which can be
approved or amended by the operator. The MEPS provides each missile
with preparation data by either direct communication through a high
performance data link or via a portable data memory through the
aircraft weapon system before missile launch.

- The MEPS comprises a central processing unit, a missile operator
console and various panels and adapter units.

Missiles

- For ship-launched and truck-launched versions each missile is
contained in a canister, which serves as missile launcher as well as
environmental protection throughout the missile's life cycle - a
round of ammunition concept. In the air-launched version, each
missile is contained in a protective trolley before being hoisted to
the aircraft pylon.

- The missile dimensions are:

- length 4330 mm, diameter 500 mm, span 1400 mm

- weight 630 kg (800 kg including boosters)

- The canister dimensions are:

- length 4420 mm, width 1200 mm, height 950 mm

- weight 800 kg

- Test/Maintenance equipment, documentation (CALS compliant) and
spare parts

- Built-in Test functions provide for simple and effective
testing at all maintenance levels.

The MEPS has been designed to meet the requirements for integration
with different types of command and control systems, in air force
mission planning systems, on ships of different sizes and on trucks.
The digital interface has been standardised to conform with Ethernet
(IEEE 802.3) and TCP/IP communication protocols, but other interface
standards can also be used depending on the installation
requirements. This provides for integration of the MEPS in a local
area network.

The operator display utilises a graphic Man Machine Interface (MMI),
where all targets are displayed together with the missile engagement
planning data for each missile within a salvo. The main part of the
MMI contains a map of the combat area. This enables the operator to
overview the operational scenario, and to make changes as required
to the engagement plans, by the use of graphical tools. To
facilitate co-ordinated attacks from several weapon carriers,
externally generated engagement data can be received over the
digital interface and be displayed on the screen. The MEPS can also
transmit complete engagement plans to higher command levels.

Based on target information and other combat data from higher
command systems, the MEPS will autonomously perform all the required
functions for engagement planning and preparation of the RBS15 Mk3
missile. Once targets have been identified and selected, the MEPS
can propose automatically generated engagement plans, based on user
defined threat libraries. The MEPS will thus provide extensive
operator support, a feature that is needed for quick response and
absolutely vital in order to handle increasingly complex combat
scenarios.

The MEPS has two main principles of operation:

Integrated-

when operated from multi function consoles in the command and
control system over the local area network. All RBS15 Mk3 specific
system software will reside within the MEPS, but operated from an
external console.

Autonomous-

when operated from the dedicated missile console, part of the RBS15
Mk3 system. When used in ship and truck installations, there is also
a reversionary mode where the system can be operated via a
touch-screen panel, with limited system performance.

In both cases, the MEPS has four operational modes: Combat,
Training, Maintenance and Tactical Simulation. The combat and
training states are identical, with the exception of supplying
preparation and firing data to the missiles, which is not possible
in the training mode. Combat scenarios can be predicted by using
current information on target positions and speeds, resulting in
engagement plans which can be prepared and later used for missile
firings. In the maintenance mode, tests can be executed and
modifications can be implemented on software and libraries.

Finally, the tactical simulation mode enables the operator to study
different tactical situations during preparation of threat libraries
and analysis of engagement planning data. This mode can also be used
for pre- and post-exercise analysis.

Tactical Behaviour. One of the main features of the RBS15 Mk 3 is
the long flight range, which exceeds 200 km. The missile navigation
system is designed for maximum trajectory flexibility and the
missile can fly through any number of pre-planned horizontal and
vertical way-points. Missiles in a salvo can be individually primed
to follow different attack approaches, and the estimated time of
arrival in the target area can be pre-set for each missile.
Simultaneous arrival or arrival with a desired time interval between
missiles can thus be achieved. This results in claims of several
operational advantages:

- the missile can attack targets well beyond the horizon, using
target information from the passive sensors part of own ship's
Electronic Support Measures (ESM) systems and/or third party
targeting. This gives an opportunity to be the first to fire, and
the first to hit.

- the missile can attack targets from different directions and make
use of terrain masking or avoid exclusion zones on its way to the
target area. This enables saturation of the target's defence
systems. Co-ordinated attacks from different firing systems can
further enhance this possibility. To make use of this tactical
flexibility, the missile flight range has to be significantly
greater than the operational firing range.

- the missile altitude can be selected for flight over land or
archipelago, for flying low sea skimming below the horizon during
the mid-course guidance phase and for selecting the optimum altitude
for the target seeker during the search and acquisition phase. Once
a target has been acquired, the missile can adjust its altitude to
keep the target on the radar horizon for as long as possible.

- should the missile be seduced by countermeasures or in any
other way fail to home onto the selected target during the final
attack phase, a re-attack can be pre-programmed either to engage the
same target area (from another attack direction) or to engage a
secondary target.

To achieve the long range whilst flying at very low sea skimming
altitudes, and to utilise the operational advantages of the flexible
trajectory and re-attack capability, the missile flies at high
subsonic speed.

Subsonic speed enables the missile to be designed with stealth
properties:

- a low radar cross-section in the forward aspect through careful
selection of materials, application of radar absorbing materials and
intelligent control of the target seeker antenna

- a low IR signature through selection of surface treatment
combined with low aerothermal heating

- a low visual signature through reduced smoke propellant in the
rocket motors.

This, in combination with the flexible trajectory and low sea
skimming altitude, makes the missile difficult to detect. The target
seeker characteristics include upper Ku band frequency and wide
antenna aperture, providing excellent angular resolution. The short,
high power monopulse gives good range resolution. Thus, the target
seeker has several operational preparation possibilities when it
comes to target selection:

- target position
- single/multiple/group
- target size and priority
- search area type and size
- search area masking and intelligent area scanning.

To minimise the effects of soft kill countermeasures the target
seeker is provided with Electronic Counter Counter Measure (ECCM)
functions for:

- target analysis - false target discrimination both for
distraction and seduction
- home on jam
- high bandwidth frequency agility
- jittered pulse repetition frequency
- high output power

Hard kill resistance is provided by:

- defence saturation through pre selected time of arrival from
different directions

- extremely; low sea skimming altitude during final attack, which
can be sea-adapted down to 1 m

- non predictable evasive manoeuvres during the terminal phase.

The high manoeuvrability of the missile is supported by a variable
thrust turbojet engine.

Finally, the 200 kg warhead is of the blast and fragmentation type,
having a devastating effect on the target. The triggering of the
warhead can be achieved by direct impact or fused by a proximity
sensor.

Future Developments. The advantages of a data link between the
missile and the operations centre are obvious: the missile
preparation can be updated in flight with the latest target
information, and the missile can report back on the actual target
scene and the success of the attack. The disadvantages are the
technical difficulties in communicating with the missile at long
range and low altitude, and also ensuring an absolutely secure data
link that cannot be detected or interfered with by the enemy. Such
equipment would add to the complexity of the system and therefore
also to the development and production costs.

It has been decided not to equip the RBS15 Mk 3 with such a
facility. Given a customer requirement, however, a data link could
be introduced into the system, utilising methods already in use in
the SAAB Gripen aircraft. The MEPS would then be provided with
additional equipment to display the data received from each missile
in flight.

Improved Navigational Accuracy. The basic navigation system of the
RBS 15 Mk 3 operates in geographical co-ordinates. Preparations have
been made to incorporate GPS as an option.

For scenarios where operational advantages can be achieved by flying
major parts of the trajectory over land, a Terrain Reference
Navigation System (TERNAV) can add to system performance. The
methods and software for TERNAV have been developed and are
currently in use on the Viggen.

The terrain data can be loaded by the MEPS or via a portable data
memory from the aircraft weapon system, provided sufficient
memory is available in the missile's computer.

Both methods can be used, either separately or in combination,
leading to the following operational advantages:

- relaxation of the installation alignment requirements for the
missile

- enhanced system performance in littoral warfare conditions, where
exact knowledge of the geography in the seeker search area together
with improved navigation accuracy can be used to enable the seeker
to discriminate real targets from land echoes

- ships close to land or in harbour can be attacked from inland
with less land clutter in the seeker field of view and a precision
search mode.

On Board ECM facilities. Studies have been performed on the
possibility of equipping the missile with IR and radar decoys.

SAAB has developed an electronic warfare facility for the study of
seeker real time performance in a simulated environment. To enable
the required high speed signal processing, a digital radio frequency
memory has been designed. If introduced as an improvement in the
RBS15 Mk 3, the device can be used in two ways:

- to analyse incoming radar signals in order to determine which
kind of fire control radar the target is equipped with, in order to
select the optimum terminal manoeuvres

- to distort and re-transmit the radar pulses in order to jam or
mislead the fire control radar.

Pre-penetrator warhead. A pre-penetrator warhead would further
improve the destructive effects of hitting a ship with a strong
hull. The missile electronics section in front of the warhead has
been designed with spare volume in order to accommodate a
pre-penetrator.

LPI Target Seeker. The target seeker represents the most advanced
technology currently available for existing anti-ship missile
systems. the high power RF transmitter, however, makes the missile
vulnerable to detection. This is to some extent countered by using
delayed target acquisition, but once alerted the target's defence
systems may use all their power to mislead or destroy the incoming
missile.

A next generation target seeker could utilise spread spectrum
technology to obtain a low probability of intercept (LPI). The
output power in a given band would then be so low that it would be
difficult to detect the signal in the background noise. The output
power could be adjusted to the minimum required for target
acquisition and gradually reduced during tracking. The radar
equation shows that if the missile seeker is not detected at lock-on
it will never be detected as the missile approaches. Digital coding
of the signal improves the range resolution to a level where it
becomes possible to recognise target characteristics and then use
that information for selection of a specific target within a group.
Using synthetic aperture radar techniques would further improve the
angular resolution, also leading to improvements in target
discrimination.

Such LPI technology already exists in laboratory prototypes today.
Putting it into a stealthy, sub-sonic missile would render the
missile virtually impossible to detect and defeat. The impact of
this technology on naval warfare will be considerable.

Dual Sensor Seeker. Whilst radar technology is necessary for blue
water, poor weather, Imaging Infra Red (IIR) seekers can be used to
enhance further target acquisition and tracking in certain
conditions. Using correlation techniques, the seeker can recognise a
specific target and also select an accurate aim point on the
selected target. Such situations may be:

- targets close to land or in harbour
- a pinpointed target within a tight formation
- a pinpointed target with neutral or friendly ships in the target
area
- very large targets, where the effect can only be achieved by
careful selection of the aim point.

To give all-weather, blue water and littoral warfare capabilities, a
dual seeker installation with both an LPI radar and an IIR seeker
could be used. Using sensor fusion techniques, the optimum mix of
the two independent sensors can be achieved in any situation.

Land Attack Capability. From the above, it is clear that the future
anti-ship missile will possess significant land attack capability.
The RBS15 Mk 3 in its baseline configuration, with an enhanced
navigation system can present a threat to selected land targets,
using the navigation system as the only tool for finding the target.
Further growth potential, as indicated above, will add to the target
catalogue even more. The distinction between land attack and
anti-ship missiles will thus become less important.

The future war will thus become increasingly complex, and tomorrow's
weapon systems will allow for rapid changes in the tactical
situation. A sophisticated missile system will have to be flexible
in order to meet the new threats.

The trend in anti-surface weapons for the next 10 to 20 years will
be towards stealthy, highly intelligent land and sea target missiles
with high commonality. These missiles will be using multi-sensors
and terrain following at very low altitudes at high sub-sonic speed,
as opposed to a supersonic design solely aimed at sea targets and
with less operational flexibility. The RBS15 Mk 3 concept provides
one baseline for this type of future anti-surface system.

The SAAB RBS15

CAPTION:
The SAAB RBS15 ground-launched missile being fired from
truck-mounted launcher

Firing of a SAAB RBS15

CAPTION:
Firing of a SAAB RBS15 anti-ship missile from a JAS-39
Gripen aircraft

Ground-launched RBS15

CAPTION:
Ground-launched RBS15 with boosters burning

RBS15 anti-ship missile

CAPTION:
RBS15 anti-ship missile being launched from a Swedish
Norrkoping class missile craft

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
© 1997 Jane's Information Group

От	apple16
К	apple16 (27.11.2002 11:26:14)
Дата	27.11.2002 13:31:24

дополнение

От	apple16
К	apple16 (27.11.2002 11:26:14)
Дата	27.11.2002 11:28:13

RB04 - еще потом в старой куче посмотрю

3 Images
AIR-TO-SURFACE MISSILES, SWEDEN

Date Posted: 23 April 2002

Jane's Air-Launched Weapons 40

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Rb 04
Type

Medium-range, radar-guided, air-to-surface missile.

Development

The Rb 04 family of missiles was developed from the mid-1950s and has resulted in Rb 04A, B, C, D and E versions entering service with the Royal Swedish Air Force from 1960 onwards. Designed for use in the Baltic against warship targets, the later versions have all had active radar terminal guidance. The last version, Rb 04E entered service around 1975. The Rb 04 design was carried forward into the Rbs 15-missile system, which entered service in 1985. The Rb 04 missiles were cleared for carriage on A 32 Lansen and the AJ 37 Viggen aircraft.

Description

Rb 04 has four small delta shaped control fins at the front of the missile and two rear-mounted wings with large vertical stabilisers at the tips. The missile is 4.45 m long, with a body diameter of 500 mm and a wing span of 2.0 m. The missile weighs 600 kg. Guidance in mid-course is inertial, followed by an active radar terminal phase. The missile has an HE semi-armour-piercing warhead, believed to be about 150 kg. There are believed to be both impact and proximity fuzes. The missile cruises at low level (around 20 m) and drops to a few metres shortly before striking the ship target. A two-stage solid-propellant motor gives the RB04 a range of about 30 km.

Operational status

The Rb 04E entered Flygvapnet service around 1975 and production probably ceased in 1978. There were no exports. Following the withdrawal of the last of Sweden's (upgraded) AJS 37 attack Viggens, in favour of the JAS 39 Gripen, the small wartime stocks of Rb 04 that remained were removed from the Swedish inventory.

Specifications

Length: 4.45 m
Body diameter: 500 mm
Wing span: 2.0 m
Launch weight: 600 kg
Warhead: 150 kg HE semi-armour-piercing
Fuze: n/k
Guidance: Inertial and active radar
Propulsion: Solid propellant
Range: 30 km

Contractor

Saab Bofors Dynamics AB, Linköping (prime contractor).

VERIFIED

Two Rb 04 air-to-surface missiles beneath an AJ 37 Viggen during manufacturer's trials

An Rb 04 missile in front of a prototype AJ 37 Viggen, with an Rb 05 missile behind and under the aircraft fuselage

RB04

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
© 2002 Jane's Information Group Rob Hewson

От	apple16
К	apple16 (27.11.2002 11:28:13)
Дата	27.11.2002 11:31:11

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От	Олег Радько
К	apple16 (27.11.2002 11:31:11)
Дата	29.11.2002 00:24:40

2 Олег Радько Exocet

с RB08 хуже ибо антиквариат 60х годов

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RB04 - еще потом в старой куче посмотрю

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