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Skvortsov
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Skvortsov
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Дата
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06.09.2020 16:31:04
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Рубрики
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1917-1939;
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Дополнение про рынок Индии
Почему замешение в Индии английского текстиля из хлопка местным больно ударило по интересам U.K.? Потому что падение доходов от вывоза из U.K. товаров не было скомпенсировано увеличением доходов от вывоза капитала в Индию. Причины:
1) Хлопковая промышленность Индии принадлежала в основном коренным народам Индии
Buchanan, Daniel Houston. “Development of Capitalistic Enterprise in India.” 1934 г.:
“Persons of British birth have been mainly responsible for the growth of plantation industries and for coal and jute working in Bengal; but native Indians, headed by the sometime immigrant Parsees, have developed cotton manufacturing.
They now own practically all the cotton mill shares, perhaps over half the jute mill shares, much of the coal shares, nearly all the iron and steel shares and are securing large ownership of government loans and government-sponsored enterprises.
A larger amount of capital is invested in cotton than in any other Indian factory industry. Whereas foreign capital—nearly all British—has dominated in coal mining, railway building and in the manufacture of jute, it has had only a small place in cotton manufacture. One of the best informed cotton men in India says that 99 per cent of its capital is Indian owned. In 1921, of 345 cotton mills, only nine were entirely owned by Europeans and Anglo-Indians as against 322 entirely owned by Indians. This capital, after a start with money made in the opium, yarn and cloth trade in China and in the great cotton boom during the American Civil War, has been collected from small investors and saved from the profits of earlier mills.
In 1921, for India as a whole, 34.6 per cent of the managers were Europeans. By 1925 this percentage was only 28.4.
2) Английские Exchange Banks и местные Indian Joint Stock Banks практически не участвовали в финансировании создания хлопчатобумажной промышленности и кредитовании для снабжения рабочим капиталом.
Исторически банки в Индии стали создавать английские торговые компании. Но они не смогли потеснить местных банкиров на внутреннем рынке.
Buchanan, Daniel Houston. “Development of Capitalistic Enterprise in India.” 1934 г.:
“As the companies owning these banks were interested largely in foreign trade the banks had much of their business in that field. At least four such note-issuing banks had been in existence by 1832. Though also concerned with internal trade and industry they were unable to deprive the native bankers of their business.
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These various banking enterprises have had comparatively little effect upon industry. The private bankers, by means of their position as local men of wealth, have furnished some funds for industrial enterprises. Their names have doubtless helped induce the public to buy shares and to deposit their surplus funds. The joint-stock banks have furnished some working capital, as has the Imperial Bank recently. But this aid has been limited to well-established concerns, managed by well-known persons.
It was the creation of a more suitable environment for industrial investment, on however restricted a scale, which induced Indian trading communities to enter modern industry in a big way, first in the twenties and in much more significant numbers in the thirties. The case of the Chettiars can be cited to illustrate our point. The Nattukottai Chettiars came from the districts of Ramnad and the State of Pudukottai in Madras; they had a very highly developed agency system for money-lending and trading and were the chief banking and money-lending community in Madras. They were also extremely important in the internal trade and finance of the whole of South-East Asia. But they did not enter largescale industry in significant numbers until protective tariffs had been imposed on the import of cotton textiles, and the grip of the Europeans on the economy of southern India had been loosened in other ways.
The total capital invested in Indian cotton mills is about Rs. 800,000,000 or $300,000,000.
In 1919 it was estimated that additional borrowed working capital used in the industry as a whole was Rs. 100,000,000.”
800’000’000 рупий = 80 крор (crore)=8000 лак (lakh)=60 млн. фунтов
Как видим, после того, как Индия ввела заградительные тарифы против английского текстиля из хлопка, в местную текстильную отрасль стали вкладывать деньги местные банкиры. Увидев это, в нее стали инвестировать все слои индийского общества, имеющие свои капиталы – главы княжеств, купцы, госслужащие и т.д.
Кому интересно больше узнать о местных индийских банкирах, можете прочитать пост ниже.