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Skvortsov
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Skvortsov
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06.09.2020 16:37:27
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Рубрики
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1917-1939;
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Индийские "indigenous bankers"
В Индии, кроме трех Президенских банков (впоследствии объединившихся в Imperial Bank of India, вели дела европейские акционерные банки (Exchange Banks) и местные акционерные банки (Indian Joint Stock Banks)
THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL
JUNE, 1921
H. F. Howard, THE IMPERIAL BANK OF INDIA
“The Exchange Banks, though their operations are not limited to India, play a most important part in Indian trade. The nature of their business is generally known, and does not, therefore, call for any detailed description here. But it may be said that their activities in regard to Indian trade are largely bound up in the financing of foreign commerce at the sea-ports. Like other banks, they receive deposits in India and, indeed, seek to attract these in order to obtain the funds required for the purchase (or discount) of export bills of exchange. Since 1913 their Indian deposits have grown from 30 crores to about 74 crores, but such deposits are collected almost entirely at the sea-ports.
The Indian Joint Stock Banks, which now number ninety five with 230 branches, include a certain number of substantial institutions conducted on modern line..”
Buchanan, Daniel Houston. “Development of Capitalistic Enterprise in India.” 1934 г.:
“Whereas in 1926 India had, excluding the Imperial Bank of India, 73 banks with a total paid-up capital, surplus and reserves of Rs. 119,200,000 ($42,912,000)”
Депозиты в Indian Joint Stock Banks в 1919 г. достигли размера 61,27 crores. Собственный капитал The Indian Joint Stock Banks составлял в 1926 г. менее 12 крор.
Вспомним, что “The total capital invested in Indian cotton mills is about 800’000’000 рупий = 80 крор”.
Составив представление о размерах собственных средств и привлеченных депозитов акционерных банков, обратимся к материалам Madras Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, Vol. 1, Report 1930
В нем упоминаются общины, специализирующиеся на банковских операциях.
400. The banking communities are in fact of very ancient origin and their business as bankers and their instruments of credit or hundis go back to very early days in the history of India.
59. The indigenous bankers in this Presidency must include the Indigenous banking communities of Marwaris, Multanis, Nattukottai Chettiyars bankers, and Kallidaikuruehi Brahmans.
60. The Nattukkottai Chettiyars have their home in the Chettinad Nattukkottai in 58 villages in the Banin ad district of this Presidency and 20 Chettiyars. in the adjacent territory of Pudukkottai vState and their total popu- lation according to the census of 1921 is 40,500.
399. There are, however, certain communities which carry on business with their caste esprit-de-corps at their back and with large funds of their wealthier members which will be at their disposal at special rates and terms for use in what is believed to be sound business on the customary lines of finance practised by the particular community. Such are the Nattukkottai Chettis, the Multanis, the Marwaris, the Kallidaikurichi Brahmans, in this Presidency.
402. The bulk of the Nattukkottai Chettiyar community is outside of the Madras Presidency.
We have had two or three estimates of their resources.
Their banking business has thus a capital of about 50 crores while the same authority puts borrowing and deposits of various kinds at 25 crores more of which about 8 crores is invested by Chettiyars and known as their thanadu maral deposits. The owned capital is thus Rs. 58 crores and borrowings about 17 crores giving a total working capital of Rs. 75 crores.
But another estimate made by a Chettiyar banker puts it at 80 to 90 crores in cash and 15 to 20 crores in house and other property and about 5 crores in jewels while another 15 crores are borrowed from people who are not Chettiyars."
Как видим, рабочий капитал только одной банковской общины Nattukkottai Chettiyar сопоставим с суммарным рабочим капиталом всех Indian Joint Stock Banks.
Причем представители общины открывали и акционерные банки.
58. There is only one private bank in the Presidency, viz., the Bank of Chettinad, Limited, registered as such under the Companies Act and it has only recently been registered. It is a limited company formed for carrying on the business of banking and also all other lines of business which Nattukottai Chettiyars have been accustomed to do in India, Burma, Ceylon, the Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, Indo-China, etc., with a subscribed capital of Rs. 2 crores and a paid-up capital of Rs. 1 crore. The head office of the bank is in Chettinad. It was promoted by the Hon’ble the Raja Sir Annamalai Chettiyar of Chettinad, who is the Chairman of the Board of Directors. It has already established about 40 branches in India, Burma and Ceylon..
The hank is not promoted to function as a competitor to any one of the other joint-stock hanks but to carry on the indigenous system of banking under modern lines. The object of the promoter of the hank is to adapt the indigenous system of conducting banking business as far as possible to the joint-stock system of banking on western lines..”
Представители банковской общины:
Sir Rm. M. Ramaswami Chettiar, старший брат Annamalai Chettiar. Основал в 1907 г. акционерный “Indian Bank”, существующий и поныне.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Rm._M._Ramaswami_Chettiar
Sir Rm. M. Annamalai Chettiar
Возведен англичанами в рыцарское достоинство 2 июня 1923, в 1929 получил титул Raja of Chettinad.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._Rm._M._Annamalai_Chettiar
Их племянник - Sir Muttaiya Chidambaram Chettiar Muthiah Chettiar
Muthiah Chettiar возведен в Knight Bachelor in 1922.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Ct._Muthiah_Chettiar
Занимались благотворительностью: основали школы, больницу, университет.
Любители истории банковского дела могут скачать Madras Provincial Banking Enquiry Committee, Vol. 1, Report 1930 тут:
https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.278278/page/n3/mode/2up